⚙️ Java + Selenium Programming Concepts

🔹 1. Java Basics for Selenium

Before diving into Selenium, it's important to understand core Java concepts:

OOP Principles: Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction, Encapsulation

Control Structures: if-else, for, while, switch

Collections: List, Set, Map

Exception Handling: try, catch, throw, throws, finally

Methods & Constructors

File Handling: For reading test data

🔹 2. Selenium WebDriver Basics

Selenium WebDriver is the main component used for browser automation.

Common WebDriver commands:

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WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();   // Launch browser

driver.get("https://example.com");       // Open URL

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("admin"); // Enter text

driver.quit();                           // Close browser

🔹 3. Locators in Selenium

Used to find elements on a webpage:

By.id("id")

By.name("name")

By.className("class")

By.tagName("tag")

By.linkText("link text")

By.partialLinkText("partial text")

By.xpath("//tag[@attribute='value']")

By.cssSelector("tag[attribute='value']")

🔹 4. Handling Web Elements

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WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submit"));

element.click();                         // Click button

element.getText();                       // Get visible text

element.isDisplayed();                   // Check visibility

🔹 5. Waits in Selenium

To handle synchronization issues:

Implicit Wait: Wait for a default time for all elements

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driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Explicit Wait: Wait for a specific condition

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WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("username")));

🔹 6. Handling Alerts, Frames, and Windows

Alerts:

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Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept();

Frames:

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driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");

driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

Windows:

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String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();

🔹 7. Page Object Model (POM)

Design pattern to enhance test maintenance and readability.

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public class LoginPage {

    WebDriver driver;

    By username = By.id("user");

    By password = By.id("pass");

    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

        this.driver = driver;

    }

    public void login(String user, String pass) {

        driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(user);

        driver.findElement(password).sendKeys(pass);

    }

}

🔹 8. TestNG Framework

Used for test execution and reporting.

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@Test

public void testLogin() {

    LoginPage login = new LoginPage(driver);

    login.login("admin", "admin123");

}

Features:

Annotations: @BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod, @Test

Assertions: Assert.assertEquals(actual, expected)

Parallel test execution

TestNG XML for grouping and running tests

🔹 9. Handling Excel Files

For data-driven testing using Apache POI:

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FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("data.xlsx");

Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook(file);

Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheet("Sheet1");

Row row = sheet.getRow(0);

Cell cell = row.getCell(0);

🔹 10. Taking Screenshots

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TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;

File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("screenshot.png"));

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Running Tests with TestNG XML Suite

Grouping Test Cases in TestNG

Introduction to TestNG Annotations

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