Common Smart Contract Design Patterns

 🔹 Common Smart Contract Design Patterns

1. Factory Pattern


Used to create new contracts automatically.


A “factory contract” deploys multiple instances of other contracts.


Example: Token factories that generate new ERC-20 tokens.


2. Proxy Pattern (Upgradable Contracts)


Since contracts are usually immutable, upgrades are hard.


The proxy pattern separates logic and data into two contracts.


When logic needs an upgrade, only the logic contract is replaced, while data stays intact.


3. Registry Pattern


A directory or index that stores addresses of important contracts.


Helps users find and interact with the latest version of a contract.


Example: ENS (Ethereum Name Service) registry.


4. Oracle Pattern


Smart contracts cannot directly access external data (like stock prices or weather).


The oracle pattern allows trusted oracles to feed off-chain data to the contract.


Example: Chainlink providing real-world data.


5. Emergency Stop (Circuit Breaker) Pattern


Adds a pause button to contracts in case of bugs, hacks, or emergencies.


Only authorized roles (like admin) can pause or resume the contract.


6. Pull Payment Pattern


Instead of sending funds automatically (push), users withdraw funds themselves (pull).


Prevents reentrancy attacks and failed transactions.


7. Access Control Pattern


Restricts certain functions to specific roles (e.g., onlyOwner modifier).


Ensures only authorized users can perform sensitive actions.


8. State Machine Pattern


Contracts often have different states (e.g., Created → Active → Completed).


The state machine pattern enforces allowed transitions between states.


Example: Crowdfunding contract moving from “Fundraising” to “Successful” or “Failed.”


9. Iterable Mapping Pattern


Since Solidity mappings cannot be directly iterated, this pattern helps keep track of keys.


Useful for token holders, registries, and voting systems.


✅ In short:


Factory & Registry → Managing multiple contracts.


Proxy → Upgradability.


Oracle → External data access.


Emergency Stop & Pull Payment → Safety/security.


Access Control & State Machine → Governance and workflow.


Iterable Mapping → Data handling.

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