Introduction to Databases for Full Stack Python Development
🔍 Introduction to Databases for Full Stack Python Development
As a full stack Python developer, understanding databases is crucial because they form the backbone of nearly all dynamic web applications. Databases store, retrieve, and manage data that applications rely on—like user information, content, or transactions.
📚 What Is a Database?
A database is a structured collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. Databases are broadly categorized into:
1. Relational Databases (SQL)
Use structured tables with rows and columns.
Employ SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and managing data.
Examples: PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite
2. Non-Relational Databases (NoSQL)
Use flexible data models, like key-value pairs, documents, or graphs.
Great for large-scale, unstructured, or semi-structured data.
Examples: MongoDB, Redis, CouchDB
🧰 Common Database Choices in Python Full Stack
🔹 SQLite
Lightweight and serverless.
Great for development or small apps.
Built-in with Python via sqlite3 module.
🔹 PostgreSQL
Advanced open-source relational database.
Popular for production environments.
Works well with Django, SQLAlchemy, and FastAPI.
🔹 MySQL / MariaDB
Widely used in many web stacks (like LAMP).
Good community and support.
🔹 MongoDB
Document-based NoSQL database.
Works well with Python using pymongo or ODMs like MongoEngine.
🛠️ How Python Connects to Databases
Python offers various tools and libraries to work with databases:
🔸 For SQL Databases:
SQLite: sqlite3
PostgreSQL/MySQL:
psycopg2 (for PostgreSQL)
mysql-connector-python or PyMySQL (for MySQL)
ORMs (Object-Relational Mappers):
SQLAlchemy – Versatile and widely used.
Django ORM – Comes integrated with Django.
Tortoise ORM – Works well with asyncio and FastAPI.
🔸 For NoSQL Databases:
MongoDB: pymongo, MongoEngine
Redis: redis-py
🌐 Example: Connecting Python to SQLite
python
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import sqlite3
# Connect to a database (or create one)
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
# Create a cursor object
cursor = conn.cursor()
# Create a table
cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, email TEXT)''')
# Insert data
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)", ('Alice', 'alice@example.com'))
# Commit and close
conn.commit()
conn.close()
🧱 Where Databases Fit in Full Stack Development
Layer Technology Example Role of Database
Frontend HTML/CSS, React, Vue Sends/receives data via APIs
Backend Python, Flask, Django Processes requests, interacts with DB
Database PostgreSQL, MongoDB Stores and retrieves data
🚀 Getting Started Tips
Use SQLite when prototyping.
Choose PostgreSQL for production (especially with Django or FastAPI).
Use MongoDB for flexible document storage or hierarchical data.
Learn SQL basics: SELECT, INSERT, JOIN, UPDATE, DELETE.
Practice data modeling: tables, primary keys, relationships.
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